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{Note: This Retro series features ten works of AI art in each volume—in some cases, series of such artworks—offered in no particular order. To get a sense of the perspective of the curator of this collection with respect to AI art, see this essay. The artwork names that appear below are those that were attached to the work upon its publication, or, if no such title was provided, an approximation of the prompt used to create the art as announced by its “algo jockey”: the individual who crafted the text prompt that produced the artwork. The images below hail from major AI-art apps such as Midjourney, DALL-E 2 (built by OpenAI), Craiyon, Dream (built by WOMBO), or Stable Diffusion (built by Stability AI). The online source for each artwork, if known, is linked to immediately following each artwork or series of works. Algo jockeys who’d prefer not to have their work appear in this series can request the removal of a work via DM.}

Introduction

All of the artworks that appear below were created by artificial intelligence (“AI”).

If you would like to create some AI art yourself, check out this informative thread.

The works that appear below are not copyrighted, are not reproductions of existing works, and were produced by artificial-intelligence protocols that devised them after being “trained” on billions of publicly available images online. A prompt similar to the one used to generate the images below, reentered into the same protocol, would likely result in a different work—as would entering the same prompt into a different AI protocol (see the note atop this article for a list of some of the popular AI-art apps you will see represented as this Retro series unfolds in the coming months and years).

Except where otherwise indicated, the pictures below are not intended to accurately depict any living or historical person or brand. Any resemblance of human figures to individuals presently alive is—again, except where otherwise indicated—coincidental.

None of these images have been digitally altered from their original publication, with the infrequent exception of cropping to elide (a) inadvertent bordering, or (b) branding that distracts from the artwork and is unnecessary given that the source of each work (as noted in the italicized text above) is linked to below each work or series of works.

In those instances in which Retro offers a “series” of thematically and/or substantively linked AI-generated artworks, please note that the series has been curated, meaning that not all of the artworks originally appearing in the series have been included here.

As the procedures undergirding this Retro series involve using curatorial journalism (and my years of experience as a professional art critic and digital studies professor) to offer readers the best exemplars of AI art available in the estimation of this author, and because AI-art apps will for some time to come occasionally produce substandard artifacts in reply to a given prompt, the additional layer of in-series curation noted above is necessary to maintain the high standards of this series and Retro writ large.

The overarching purpose of this new Retro series is not just to demonstrate the quite startling range of contemporary AI-art apps’ generative capacity—that is, to celebrate and honor the works that appear in it by attaching to them the breathless superlative that gives this series its name—but also to offer a quick-link to the “algo jockey” who crafted the input that produced each image. As noted above, if any such “AJ” wishes to have Retro take down a particular work, Retro is happy to do so and do so promptly.

The Evolution of AI Art

One thing readers must keep in mind as they follow this series is that AI art is getting better by the day. Retro expects that as the AI-art apps continue training themselves on publicly available images and the thousands and thousands of text prompts they get daily, we’ll not only see algo jockeys becoming more and more talented at what they do (and there are already some clear superstars in this space, whose oeuvre instantly ends the notion anyone can produce superlative AI art without a deep understanding of the tools available for making it) but we will also start to see these apps’ protocols learn how to better respond to text prompts.

So while it’s tempting to treat AI art as a static concept, we must not. It’s a moving target that may well look very, very different in 2025 and 2026 than it did in early 2024.

What It Takes to Become a Superlative AI Artist

Those who have spent no time in the world of AI art, and/or no time around AI artists, are apt to think of AI art production as a simple process that even a fool could execute—and in a limited sense, that’s true. Just as a child, given a set of paints, could throw those paints around a room and, in getting a bit on the walls here and there, create a accidental, vague, tragicomic homage to Jackson Pollock, anyone who uses (say) Bing Image Creator will in short order produce a piece of AI art. It will almost certainly be quite a bad piece of AI art, but it will be AI art nonetheless. In the same way one can “play” baseball simply by standing at home plate with a bat and facing the pitcher; in the same way one can be a “photographer” by just pressing a button to take a photo; in the same way someone bopping around their bedroom in the dark can in a general sense be said to be “dancing,” anyone who wants to generate AI art can. Just not well.

The best AI artists tend to have a background in painting, photography, or both. This enables them to understand the basic precepts of visual representation that must be considered in generating a successful text prompt and then minutely editing it over dozens of rounds of drafting. If you haven’t told the AI to consider color, form, line, shape, space, texture, value, resolution, angle, perspective, dimension, and the scores of other fundamental terms in the visual arts that visual artists are attendant to, the AI is not going to consider those elements and thus your work will lack any abiding attention to them.

By the same token, if you lack the experience or taste to know what good photography and painting look like—which requires the ability to study an artwork and see what (if anything) it is missing, only poorly includes, or altogether fails to be—you won’t know how to curate the scores of variations on your text prompt that the AI gives you. Even a perfect prompt will fail if the AI artist doesn’t know which exemplars of the artwork generated by that prompt are fit for public consumption. And many artists certainly don’t know this (as is also true for many whose art depends on their own motor skills).

Just so, a superlative AI artist knows their tools every bit as obsessively as a graphic designer knows her applications or a painter her paint and brushes. Already, the best AI artists are giving public lectures and attending symposia to understand the many complex terms and subprocesses AI-art apps allow users to employ to create the best artwork possible. Those who just click around on Midjourney for a few minutes will by no means understand image blending, image description, “knolling”, and so on to the degree necessary to create a superlative AI artwork.

And here’s a further rub: the number of such terms and concepts is growing by the week for most of these AI-art apps, as is the ability of the most superlative users of these apps to tweak their text prompts to squeeze the most out of the UI that they’re working with. So it’s getting harder and harder, practically by the day, to distinguish oneself as an AI artist. It already takes hundreds of hours of trial-and-error (and studying the discoveries others have stumbled across and shared) to gain real facility with even one AI-art app, let alone all several dozen of them.

And this, finally, is the point so many seem to miss—and the reason there will never be any more “great” AI artists (as a percentage of all artists) than there currently are great photographers, great dancers, or great painters. The simple fact is that almost no one is going to want to dedicate the thousands of hours required to become among the best AI artists out there. Great art, whether AI-aided or not, requires an obsessive compulsion to learn how to wring every last drop of capacity out of a given tool, which compulsion must also be preceded by enough conventional knowledge of the visual arts to know what questions one must ask oneself in striving to gain expertise with a given tool. In other words, time alone doesn’t generate expertise; guidance in how to spend one’s training time is also required, which is particularly problematic in the context of AI art production. Do not doubt that there will eventually be semester-long university courses in how to become a commercially viable, artistically superlative AI artist, just as there are already such courses for graphic design or (for that matter) any subgenre of the visual arts that is predominantly dependent on an individual’s fine motor skills.

But there aren’t yet, which makes creating amazing AI art even harder than it one day will be.

Indeed, an argument can be made that AI art production is harder than some other forms of art production because there are, as yet, few professional guides for those seeking to learn to do it well and (for now, as noted) no dedicated academic courses.

Most if not all of the best AI artists working right now are basically 100% self-taught.

And even the very strongest AI artists alive today are still learning their craft in real time, as their craft is only a couple years old and volatile to a degree no far older subgenre of the visual arts is. Compare AI art to painting, say, or even dance, which have been extant in human culture for millennia and therefore—while extremely difficult to do well, and admittedly still evolving—forms of expression that can at least offer their aspirants a thousand thoughtful roadmaps for how to climb that particular mountain.

With AI art, most of the roads to greatness remain untraveled and some have not yet even been imagined.

Retro has been approached by many people who dislike AI art without knowing much about it. The general refrain heard from such critics is that AI art can’t be art because it requires no skill. Of course it really requires enormous skill—just not fine motor skills.

It requires writing skills, research skills, curation, a knowledge of aesthetics, a great deal of technical expertise, taste, dedication, perseverance, self-critique, and so many of the components that all art instruction (and I say this as someone who taught the arts at the university level for years) necessarily incorporates.

Other critics of AI art make the stunning claim that AI art requires no imagination. While this canard hardly deserves a response, suffice to say that AI artists—just like all other artists—form in their mind’s eye a composition they wish to see in the world and then expertly use the tools at their disposal to make what they have imagined a reality. Indeed, an AI artist having less direct control over her tools than, say, a painter with her expensive brushes only makes it harder for an AI artist to manifest what is in her imagination in digital form. Finally—and putting aside those who simply say AI art is not art because anyone can do it, a fallacy addressed earlier in this essay—there are those who say that AI art lacks the human or emotional components of the visual, material, and performing arts. Tell this to sculptors who work in the digital realm, or professional storytellers (who re-tell stories others devised), or those who can sing but can’t play any instrument. Tell this to graphic designers, or to architects—who must hire construction crews to build what they imagine. AI art doesn’t exist without a human vision or human input, and the human vision in question can’t exist without the same emotional impulse to create that artists of every stripe finally must have.

AI art is in its first months and years. It will face the same preposterous prejudices that free-verse poetry faced in the mid-nineteenth century, when Walt Whitman—now considered, with Emily Dickinson, one of American poetry’s parents—was told that Leaves of Grass “wasn’t poetry” because it lacked rhyme and meter. More recently, conceptual poets have been told conceptual poetry “isn’t poetry” because it doesn’t often rely on image, metaphor, or the condensation of language, and in some cases (in an echo of AI art) even uses exclusively words first devised by others, though their novel arrangement is entirely the work of the conceptual poet and the quality of the final work is dependent on that poet’s own ingenuity, judgment, curation, and taste.

There is no art form that emerges without its detractors, and no detractors of an art form still early in its development act as responsibly as they would if they were instead applying their critiques to artworks already universally accepted as artistic in character. Because there’s no natural constituency for AI art besides those who make it—at least not yet—there is little impetus for the critics of such art to be fair to it and indeed much encouragement for them to “take a stand” by being categorically against it. Certainly, we have seen online how conventional painters and photographers have cheered even the most factually incorrect and deeply disingenuous critiques of AI art for the simple reasons (if also understandable ones) that (a) conventional artists worry their future earnings as freelance artists could be impacted by the availability of AI-art apps, and/or (b) they see that those who oppose AI art publicly get fêted for doing so by their peers—which in the art world can be a professionally wise space to occupy.

Certain critics of AI art, making certain criticisms of AI art, may be right to worry, as discussed here. That does not mean their objections are accurate, made in good faith, or worth being accepted at face value.

The upshot is this: AI art is getting better by the day because the very best AI artists are getting better by the day; everyone else—both critics who fail to investigate what AI art actually is and how it works, or lovers of AI art who nevertheless refuse to put the time and effort into it that it requires—is falling farther and farther behind by the hour. This Retro series aims to remain as best it can at the bleeding edge of AI art, always celebrating the diversity and wonder and craft of this emerging art form even as it understands, too, that the animus against it will continue for many years to come and in certain instances will be warranted.

{Note: On rare occasion, images that appear in this series may be unsettling to certain viewers. Any such upset is unintentional; these artworks are intended to surprise, delight, illuminate and amaze, not provoke negative emotions or physical responses. However, because any AI-generated product is definitionally already lodged deep in the “uncanny valley”, occasional strong reactions to the images in this series are to be expected. Certain images are prefaced by a “curator’s note” that briefly explains why I find this particular work to be of artistic merit.}

(1) “Disney Harry Potter” (2024) [Series]

[Source.]

(2) “Rembrandt Paints the MCU” (2024) [Series]

[Source.]

(3) “Birds, Robots, and Robot Birds” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(4) “Infant Selfies From Around the World” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(5) “Endings We Wanted But Never Got” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(6) “Marvel and DC Comics Topiaries” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(7) From Untitled Series (2023-2024)

[Source.]

(8) Untitled and “Usque Ad Finem [Fight to the End]” (2023)

[Source; source.]

(9) “PlayStation Controllers” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(10) “Chonky Animals” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

{Note: HuffPost published this article of mine in early 2017. I’ve since made some edits to it.}

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Introduction

Ask ten American poets if poetry is dead, and seven will say it’s not, one will say it is, and two will contort themselves gymnastically trying to prove to you that the fact that poetry is dead is somehow a boon to the art-form.

Ask ten non-poets living in America if poetry is dead, and it’s a clean sweep: ten of ten will tell you it’s deader than Donald Trump adviser Stephen Miller’s bedroom eyes.

This article is for all twenty people—as well as for all those who, on principle, don’t answer questionnaires.

It’s for poets because contemporary American poetry has, since the early 1970s, routinized being a national disappointment. Barely a fraction of the energies endemic to poetry-as-an-art are now being harnessed by contemporary poets, and it’d be high time for an end to that even if it weren’t the case that poets are more or less the only people who read poetry regularly.

In short, American poetry has become a niche culture—like the ones available for players of Magic the Gathering, or self-described “Bronies”, or advocates of “furry” sex—and not the vibrant performance of endlessly differentiated artistic perspectives it should be. This means that decisions about how to write poetry are being made, both implicitly and explicitly, with an eye toward what a very narrow subculture of artists demands and will reward. The result is a betrayal of the capacity for historic, system-challenging idiosyncrasy that makes poetry worth our time in the first place.

For every game-changing book of poetry by a poet like Claudia Rankine, there are 300 that join the freeway of American poetry publishing as indistinguishably as a Toyota Camry or Honda Civic does I-90 in Sioux Falls.

All that said, there’s little point in writing an article about the death of poetry that’s explicitly aimed at working poets because American poetry today is—besides being terminally wounded—a death-cult. In installing the rigid subcultural economy so many of them frequent, American poets have entered a suicide pact that ensures their perpetual unhappiness as well as the demise of poetry as a relevant public gesture.

Indeed, in my experience poets are so committed to the rituals of their aging cult that any challenge whatsoever to its key mantras is taken as an act of betrayal—one punishable by violent expulsion from the group. In my own case, that’s okay, even fortuitous; I was a member in reasonably good standing within the cult for a number of years, and I’ve largely left it now. But I’ve also found that one of the only honorable gestures one can make when one has escaped a cult that eats lives and devours the very principles it claims to elevate is to expose it for what it is as often and as publicly as one can. And since every missive filled with cult-rage sent in response to that sort of extroverted self-exorcising has already been written in my head innumerable times, there’s no reason now—detractors, take note—to hand me the hard copy of same or copy me on some digital reduction.

This article is therefore more vigorously intended for non-poets because you all, more than anyone, have been lied to about what poetry is—which you couldn’t have known because the people most loudly denouncing any definition for “poetry” alternative to the false one were either (a) self-avowed “poets” themselves, and thereby capable of “pulling rank” on you, or (b) educators so thoroughly tortured over the years of their own education into a false consciousness about poetry that the very least they could do was honor that generation-spanning cycle of violence by perpetuating it.

The Problem with Poetry

The poetry most non-poets are likely to have been exposed to in high school or college or anywhere else is—as compared to the maximum capacity of the poetic act in 2023—what The Wiggles are to the entertainment of small children.

The poetry you’ve read, that is, is either (a) poetry that was dangerously revolutionary at the time well in the past it was written, but is now presented to you as an aesthetic rather than political achievement in order to ensure it remains as alien to your contemporary aesthetic sensibilities as possible, or (b) whatever contemporary poetry was able to get through a complex subcultural system exquisitely designed to keep you permanently uninterested in poetry.

{Note: Chad the Bird (Josh Zagoren) regularly delivers highly literary comic monologues at the Green Mill Lounge in Chicago, Illinois. You can find Chad the Bird at YouTube at this link.}

The fact is, most non-poets hate poetry about the same way I hate bluegrass: I haven’t really heard any of it, and I didn’t like what little I heard, and I didn’t give much thought at all to what I did hear, so I’ve decided not to hear any more—which seems reasonable given that there are so many things to do in life.

That attitude toward poetry worked just fine during the Johnson administration—the last time poetry could claim broad cultural relevance, due to the sometimes explosive work of the Beats, the Black Arts Movement, the San Francisco Renaissance, and the poets of the New York School—but as a nation we badly missed the vibrant poetry scene we desperately needed during the horrors of the Vietnam War’s final years, the resignation of President Richard Nixon, the rise of the Me Generation under Ronald Reagan, and the thoroughly immersive horror-show of a fake hunt for WMDs in the aughts (not to mention a would-be tinpot dictator, Trump, arising from American soil in the present).

{Note: The track above is from an album in which YouTube clips are combined to form songs.}

Look in desperation for a Pussy Riot in poetry, or a Marina Abramović, or a Robert Mapplethorpe, or a Lenny Bruce, or even as congenial a rebel as a David Foster Wallace, and you’ll come up empty. That’s in part because you’re asking the wrong questions and looking in the wrong places for such poets and poetry—and in part because 100,000 working American poets (the largest fully committed poetry-writing population of any nation on earth) are doing their level best to keep you looking their way rather than any other.

And they’re failing, of course, inasmuch as—if you’re like most Americans—you’re not reading any poetry at all.

{Note: The 1972 Italian pop song above uses nonsense words to sound like American English.}

Below are ten ideas that could save American poetry from obsolescence. The list is obviously non-exhaustive, and these ideas certainly don’t comprise a prescription for poetry-writing. It’s in keeping with American poetry’s radical grounding in the First Amendment that every poet should write however they damn well please, and that different people come to poetry for very different reasons. What the ideas below are, however, is a confession, by a longtime poet, that while not many poets need to be integrating these ideas into their poetry-writing practice, and not many non-poets need to re-dedicate themselves to reading poetry and poets undergirded by the principles below, at least some do if poetry is to meaningfully survive much further into the digital age.

In short, America, poetry needs you in a much more obvious way than you need it.

Fortunately, the poetry that needs you the most, and which, in turn, non-poets most need whether they realize it or not, is not the poetry that many poets are now writing or the poetry that non-poets are currently not reading. Instead, it’s a very different and in certain respects particularly American beast that deserves your attention as much now as The Ramones did back in the seventies. And it’s just about as good for you as “Blitzkrieg Bop” was—in other words, very.

While some of these ideas below are ones I’ve personally developed, others have been in development for a very long while by a great many people who are not me. The point is not that a person—me or anyone else—can individually do anything to rescue poetry from a poetry subculture that daily celebrates falseness, cruelness, smallness, and exclusion, but that the same subculture that is now systematically strangling poetic innovation on occasion produces the tools of its own dismantling. If there is a good thing to be said about contemporary American poetry, it is that it is not yet so disconnected from its own distress that it can’t provide clues to those on the lookout for a course correction. So this article is, I hope, a good start in that direction, at least.

All of the videos in this article are poetry.

Ten Ideas That Could Save American Poetry

(1) Understand that poetry isn’t a genre of art.

What poetry is is a meta-genre, meaning that it’s a concept you find—and one you already enjoy—in innumerable genres of art that you love and regularly consume.

The most succinct definition of poetry I’ve come across holds that a poem is simply a “reflexive language system”, which means, taking those three words in reverse order, that it’s (a) a phenomenon that exhibits signs of a formal structure, (b) expressed in any mode of communication that qualifies as “language” (including oral, written, visual, nonverbal, experiential, multimedia, transmedia, augmented-virtuality, augmented-reality, and virtual-reality modes of communication), which also (c) shows some signs of awareness that it is both communicative and has form.

A shorter definition would hold that poetry is any form of communication that is self-consciously informed by a philosophy of communication (what we call a poetics). Or we might shorter our definition yet again by declaring that “poetry is an idiosyncratic literacy operating on a common language.”

What this means is that any comedian worth remembering after they’re dead—Bruce, George Carlin, Richard Pryor, or Robin Williams, for instance—was probably using the meta-genre we know as “poetry” to create an unforgettable series of performances whose attitude toward language was complex, internally coherent, and worthy of long-term recall and study. The same is true of every musician who has pioneered a genre, whether it’s Gil Scott-Heron and rap, Roky Erickson and psychedelia, The Monks and punk, or diverse trailblazing figures from John Cage to Joanna Newsom, Charlie Parker to Sturgill Simpson.

The simple fact is that if you’re artist and you don’t have a poetics—an idiosyncratic philosophy about the purpose of communication that arises from the sum of your interests and knowledge and experience—your work won’t just be forgotten after you die but will be forgotten while you’re still alive.

(2) Don’t feel obligated to connect with poetry that’s not as meaningful to you as your favorite music, comedy, cinema, or visual art is.

Somewhere along the way poetry got separated out from all the other art-forms in a very particular way: it became all right to say “I like poetry” or “I don’t like poetry”—everyone would know what you meant by either—whereas you’d sound ridiculous if you were to say, “I don’t like music” or “I don’t like movies” or “comedy never makes me laugh.”

When it comes to art, we all like about 5% of what’s out there. If you could sit down and hear every band that ever cut a track, or watch every film ever made, or listen to every stand-up comedian who ever booked a gig in a two-bit basement bar, you’d have no interest in 95% of it and find the rest thoroughly engaging. Poetry is the same way, inasmuch as I can tell you now that, whoever you are, at least 95% of poetry isn’t for you—and it shouldn’t be. And your dislike of it no more means you “don’t like poetry” than disliking Garth Brooks means you don’t like any music at all.

The key difference between poetry and music, cinema, or stand-up comedy—artforms that increasingly aren’t “managed,” meaning you can access the complete range of performances they have to offer with little or no difficulty—is that poetry is beholden to a system that distributes a narrow band of the artform to American audiences. Our high schools, colleges, and even many of our local reading series are a devious form of “managed care” inasmuch as they take care of poetry’s legacy by imposing atop it a massive, labyrinthine subcultural bureaucracy under whose ministrations the patient dies unnecessarily.

The upshot here is that you should hold poetry to the same standard you do any other artform, but also should militate, alongside me and many others, for poetry to unlock its doors so you can experience its range—and so poets can be encouraged to produce and expand that range—in the same way every other American artform now permits.

(3) Poets are charged more than any other type of artist with torching language and all its conventions.

There’s a reason that, throughout history, poets have been among the first targeted for death in every autocratic power-grab. If you have ever read or listened, in full, to an interview with an American poet—and you probably haven’t; even most poets haven’t, though they say they have—you’ll hear a lot of saccharine talk about how poetry either (a) preserves language, memory, and the sensory elements of communication beneath a beautiful bell jar (perhaps like the one in Disney’s Beauty and the Beast), or (b) uses language in some other esoteric way certain to have a dramatic impact on the life and sensibilities of no one but the poet.

Along with either one of these two lines of reasoning you’ll hear a lot of wild claims about the power of poetry that no poem you’ve ever read has substantiated. You will suspect, rightly, that what many poets see in poetry is simply a mirror-image of what they need from poetry—psychologically, emotionally, and/or socially—not what poetry is likely to be to anyone else who doesn’t harbor those specific needs.

But there are poets out there who take a different view, who say that having a poetics means trying to create either a wholly and joyously new “system of the world” or firebombing (metaphorically) the existing one with the same manic energy you’d find at a death-metal concert.

The first signs of an autocratic or revolutionary-progressive “cultural pulse” are felt in language, and as any poet’s core milieu is language—albeit sometimes accompanied by music, sometimes by the moving images of film, sometimes by a stage performance with comic timing—a poet’s most profound palette is ultimately always power itself.

That is, the poet “contests the world with language.” While it’s equally true that poets often construct new worlds with language, for too long in poetry these contestations have been excessively coded ones—and the constructions they enable about as private as Trump’s Mar-a-Lago.

My point is that as and when you find yourself looking for examples of humans using language to decimate the chains that bind them, you’re in search of poetry. And when you find the reflexive language system you’re looking for—the human communication that knows exactly how and why and where it must exist—you may find it in music, in political speech, in film, or anywhere else fellow homo sapiens battle death and eternity.

{Note: Viewer discretion is advised. Some may find the Adult Swim video above unsettling.}

(4) Poetry is more forgiving of “error,” and more celebratory toward what makes you a weirdo, than anything else. Why? Because it’s worthless—that is to say, price-less (without price; thus, without quantifiable worth).

Music, stand-up comedy, cinema, and political speechmaking all have boundaries and standards of taste applied to them because they’re all commercially viable. For the badness of a film to be celebrated, that badness must not just be extraordinary but something to be held up to the smugness of our collective scorn—and for profit. For instance, think of the lines to see special screenings of Tommy Wiseau’s The Room.

Music perhaps does a bit better than these other artforms with the idea of “badness,” as the reflexive disposability of glam-rock (a poetics) and the celebration of amateur musicianship we sometimes find in punk (also a poetics) acknowledge badness as a necessary component of communication. By comparison, we find in political speech-making the idea that there is a right way and a wrong way to do it, and the wrong way is universally derided. (This is one reason why, for all that nearly every aspect of his character and his political agenda is odious, Trump should be celebrated by those with the hearts of poets for one thing: his ability to subvert the mechanics of political speech-making. Trump, out of folly rather than genius, has reshaped, for instance, at what grade-level a political speech can be written, and how often a word—particularly an empty platitude or verbal tic—can be repeated, and what sort of body language or voice inflection is eligible for the adjective “presidential.” We might not favor, at all, the result, but we can still agree that there should be more ways to rouse a crowd in U.S. politics than just one. Incidentally, Bernie Sanders also found a new language in which to encode a politics, which is why he too struck a chord in the 2016 election.)

Note that in calling a poem a “reflexive language system” we do not say it has to be marketable, that it has to please many people, or even that it need be pleasing in its form, mode of communication, or concept. We are merely saying that it should have a form, a communicative capability, and a concept. A poem that makes you enraged, that makes you laugh, that befuddles you, that leaves you markedly cold, or that makes you join a political counter-rebellion like the one that has formed in opposition to Trump is no less a poem because it doesn’t offer slick production values or doesn’t appeal to your personal tastes. Poems can revel in sloppiness, in “badness,” in their schlocky fidelity to how we actually live, think, speak, feel, fear, love, and see. The idea that poetry must be an elevation of language above the mire of existence is a falsehood perpetuated by well-heeled propagandists.

But part of this idea—the idea that poetry’s dodgy economics are a benefit to it, not a hindrance—is the idea that poets have to start fighting more vigorously for this ethos to invade those poetry produced under the aegis of the Academy (higher ed) as well.

Since 1993, creative writing has grown faster in terms of terminal-degree program creation than any other discipline, but we don’t see the markers of that success in such programs’ student-funding packages. Too many poets are kept from accessing the time and space to write that a writing program offers by an inability to afford the bill. And it’s an actual evil—and I use that word, evil, advisedly—that many of the powers that be in U.S. poetry have worked so hard to ensure that graduate creative writing programs will never become the fully funded terminal-degree programs they should be. So treating the economics of poetry as a surprising asset for the art-form means eliminating any barriers to that maxim being universal rather than just local.

In America today, we have an opportunity for our creative writing MFA programs to be fully funded in the way terminal-degree programs in other academic disciplines are, and to the extent certain poets stand in the way of that progress they should be swept aside as enemies of not just art but the real lives of real people. (Note that I don’t include in this rhetoric those who work in programs that aren’t fully funded and are doing their level best to change the economic superstructure of their writing program.)

The same can be said of any poet. There are many today in this group, including many atop poetry’s subcultural hierarchy, who consider themselves entitled to decide who should or should not be writing poetry or what a poet can or cannot write. Poetry, however idiosyncratically defined and located, should be everyone’s pursuit, and to narrow the path toward it, whatever one’s self-righteous reasons for doing so, is as much an actual evil as is putting it out of reach of the poor. Poetry must be mindful, in particular, of opening its doors still wider to the shy, the Middle American, and the suffering—whether those sufferers are straight and white and male or members of a minority population.

(5) A poet knows better than anyone that words are just words.

Poets celebrate how much a single word is worth, even if its value can’t be quantified.

They show us how just three words (say liberty, equality, and fraternity, or we the people) can move a nation to action, but know too what comedians have long known, which is that language is endlessly malleable, fungible, ephemeral, and combinatory.

A poet is empowered to treat words as a jazz musician treats note: like an opportunity for improvisation (a comment on form which is, of course, its own formal structure) or for sampling (think Girl Talk). That’s right, literary remixing is a thing—and it is poetry. You can remix other people’s poems, or your own Twitter feed, or someone else’s feed, or the words on the back of a cereal box. You can also appropriate or misappropriate language as part of a poetics, such as turning a Trump speech into poetry or falsely attributing a series of lyric monologues to a dead person. You can explode linguistic taboos and expose their innards. You can loop an unscripted Chat Roulette or ChatGPT session into the middle of a poem that performs the experience of reading the internet, as I once saw the talented poet Jesse Damiani do at a raucous Oxford, Mississippi poetry reading. Or you can turn the Nirvana album Nevermind into an epic book of poetry with one line of Kurt Cobain’s lyrics per page, as has also been done recently.

You can do whatever the hell you want in poetry, provided it is done reflexively—that is, mindfully, with some consideration for both form and concept—and provided it generates something more than a private (i.e., non-communicative) language system.

Words are material, and so they act and can be acted upon, just as any other material. They can break, explode, recombine, be poorly made, be dropped into the same space over and over, and so on. They can also generatively displease us, moving us to action or new philosophies by dint of their provocations.

(6) Poetry is not just the best but perhaps the only way to authentically “perform” your life.

I said poetry is a meta-genre, and it is, but of course that also means that, where and when we find it, we can identify its operations independent of any accompaniment.

Miles Davis could make poetry with a trumpet, and Jimi Hendrix with a guitar, and Robert Mapplethorpe with a camera, but while we always carry our ability to make words with us, we do not always have a trumpet, guitar, or digital camera to hand.

Poetry, in other words, doesn’t come from the trumpet, or the guitar, or the camera, but from a series of competencies and knowledge bases that (say) Davis, Hendrix, and Mapplethorpe had been deriving all their lives from their experiences and psyches.

Poets ought to stop advertising poetry as an instrument for constructing something that is entirely different from and outside the world we all live in—as what most of us need or would ever want to come to art for is to perform our lives as we live them. That is, in our words, our ideas, the sounds of our life, and the spaces in which we move.

Miles Davis’ plan for performing “So What” (see above)—or the blind street performer pseudonymously known as Moondog’s relationship with the constituent sounds that made up his slice-of-life self-titled album (see below)—would be “where the poetry is,” even if neither Davis nor Moondog had ever cut an album.

In my own life, I find that much of what I say or do is built on the invisible foundation of what the people I care about and admire have said and done to me in the past, so I sometimes write poems in which I combine my language with the language of these other people without distinguishing between what I “wrote” and what others said.

Why do I do this? Because what I am—all I am—is a superficially seamless combination of those two categories of language, and so I use poetry to “perform” that on a page.

In music, it takes John Cage’s extraordinary composition “4’33”—which is just four minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence, forcing the listener to hear the sounds of her own life (e.g., breathing, others’ coughing)—to make a similar point. Meanwhile, in poetry I or anyone can replicate that idea in innumerable ways whenever I feel like it. No trumpet, guitar, digital camera, or other instrument besides my own knowledge of my life is necessary, as I always carry my words and the sounds of my life and the relationship I develop between and among these things wherever I go.

There’s a reason poetry is one of the oldest art-forms: it’s something you can create alone and without possessions on a deserted island, or when your village and all its resources have been destroyed, or when you’re so stricken by fear or sadness or anger that you can’t lift your head up or reach for anything solid. And as noted already, it animates even those arts in which the words (say) sonnet and stanza have no meaning.

(7) No other artists need years of groupthink-oriented, aesthetically essentialist “workshopping” to become what they need to become, and neither do poets—so the poetry “workshop” can safely be detonated.

In the conventional contemporary poetry workshop, (a) printed poetry written in the then-period style is consumed by students; (b) little emphasis is put on how poems are performed and how the certainty of future performance can inform the writing of a work; (c) students are given identical reading assignments rather than helped to find the poetry they personally would benefit most from encountering; (d) poetry is treated as an aesthetic artifact rather than a meta-genre, meaning that students discuss it as though it were a means of self-expression with ingrained rules, methods, and modes for self-determining its own value; and (e) classes are run with an eye toward only the deductive reasoning needed to “fix” a student’s work, rather than forming inductive, philosophical discussions of “poetics” that use student works as a jumping-off point.

Why are workshops run this way? Because it’s easiest for the instructor, who is probably a working poet themselves with other things on their mind—like their own writing—besides helping to guide ten to twelve emotionally volatile younger poets on their ten to twelve long, idiosyncratic journeys of artistic discovery. The conventional workshop is also less scary for such a teacher-poet, who’s likely to be, like most poets, an introvert, as it operates under a series of assumptions about the purpose of the class, the structure of the pedagogy, and the general outline of a “good” poem that are knowable in advance. It takes faith in how poetry provokes novel considerations of language to permit students to pursue wide-ranging, wholly exploratory conversations—conversations in which student work is a dialogic catalyst rather than a stolid fetish.

Interestingly, the contemporary workshop is an idea stolen from the late 1880s—when it was used at Harvard University to teach advanced composition courses. This means that the poetry workshop as we know it today wasn’t intended for use in the discipline of Creative Writing, and is in no way suitable to or tailored to that endeavor. We can dump it or reinvent it right now without doing any harm to anyone or to any imagined disciplinary lineage. A redesigned workshop would center idiosyncrasy, poetics, error, exploration, performance, collaboration, multimedia, getting outside the classroom, and much else that’s had a limited place in contemporary creative writing pedagogy.

(8) Poetry is something you chase—not something you do.

To be a poet is to chase whatever “poetry” is for you through the channels of time, and since those channels of time are multifaceted and variously bent or straightened by things like technology and politics we can be certain poetry changes as time slides on.

The gatekeepers of what poetry is or can be, or what a poet is or can be, are not very happy about the internet, because acknowledging the internet means that poetry can’t ever again be what it once was—no more than sculpture can be for us now what it was for Michelangelo, given that unlike Michelangelo we have 3D printing, augmented- and virtual-reality modeling, and sufficient cultural bandwith to create “experiential art” in which sculptures conform to the contours of a user’s life rather than vice versa (see Meow Wolf for an example).

When radio changed poetry, that was registered in Ezra Pound’s Cantos, which was celebrated in its time if not as much as it would be after Pound’s death. In certain respects, television entered printed poetry with the documentary, peripatetic poetics of The New York School. Today, poets are struggling to accommodate the internet because it feels technocratic rather than bohemian, is too large and invasive a sea change in human culture to readily grasp, and is much harder to market in the book-publishing milieu that American poetry’s rigid subculture still idolizes.

So when I say that one “chases” poetry, what I mean is that the role of the poet is as much to determine where poetry is headed and to inhabit and explore that space as it is to perform over and over what poetry was in some past moment. Poetry became a knowledge base—a skill-set that is teachable in the academy—in part to justify its positioning in the academy, not because poetry-as-art is actually static and knowable.

In fact, poetry exists now, and is being permanently inflected now, in the technologies of tomorrow (e.g., advanced biomodification, nanotechnology, cryptocurrencies, and haptic VR tech) even as poets are regularly publishing work that wouldn’t have been out of place in the 1950s. But that’s where poetry was; we should neither celebrate nor hold up as the Platonic “poet” one who simply reproduces a form first perfected over a half-century ago. Being a poet is, in this respect, as much about a spirit of adventure, critical and creative thinking skills, and a superlative degree of self-knowledge (up to a poetics) as it is about distinguishing between a couplet and a quatrain.

(9) The fact that nobody will buy, read, teach, or enjoy your poetry means that it’s the one thing that is totally yours. And that matters.

A little-known secret—even poets hush it up—is that the average book of poetry sells about fifty copies, mostly to the family and intimate friends of the poet. Even a “best-selling” poetry book (say, a book among the top 1% of poetry-book sellers in a given year) sells 1,500 to 2,000 copies, which means it’s owned by 1.5% to 2% of the 100,000+ working poets in the United States.

And how many of those who own these top-selling poetry books actually read them? That’s unknown—but it’s probably less than half, in my experience. And how many of that half enjoy what they read? Probably a quarter. And how many of that quarter are (a) teachers of poetry and (b) would teach a given book of poetry to others even where the poet is not a personal friend of theirs? Maybe a tenth. And how many who ever read that book will not only read it cover-to-cover and enjoy it immensely, but also remember it a year on? Maybe one in a hundred, and even then it’s most likely to be the author’s best friend or his mom. It’s far more likely, if you’re a poet, that your best friend secretly dislikes your poetry and your mom wishes you’d done something else.

What I’m saying is that American poets have found innumerable ways to hide from themselves that no one’s listening—for instance, by habitually attending an annual literary conference that seems packed and therefore makes poetry seem vibrant, or by never revealing to anyone their own books’ sales figures, or by frequenting publishing houses that pull the same sleight-of-hand, or by pretending that having read a single poem by a poet is the same as having “read the poet” (thereby pretending to a broader knowledge of the poetry scene than any poet actually has), or by fooling ourselves into the belief that when friends or family “like” our poetry it means anything more than that our friends and our family like us.

But what if we took the opposite view? What if poetry became widely understood to be the only artifact you can possibly make that is both potentially history-altering for others and holds every bit of its value so long as it channels everything you are? What if poetry, whether on its own or accompanied by guitars or translated through a camera, is the only thing humans really know how to make before they die that freezes in time what it was like for them to be alive? What if the old adage that says the only way to make a blank piece of paper less valuable is to write a poem on it also means that what a poem is or can be is never restricted by economics, pop culture, or the psychosocial?

(10) If poets steal a page from their perceived adversaries—professional writers—they may start to save poetry by habit rather than design.

When I taught professional writing at University of New Hampshire, I contrasted it to self-conscious writing—a euphemism for self-expressive writing—in this way: I noted that a “professional writer” thinks primarily and perhaps exclusively about the experience his or her audience is having, whereas the self-expressive writer aims to please themselves (or, at least, their pleasure is a necessary-if-not-sufficient condition).

What this means is that the ethos necessary for professional and/or technical writing is what’s always been thought of as the death-knell for imaginative writing. After all, if a creative writer’s audience is in the driver seat, able to demand from the artist that specific forms and conventions be met before a document is published, whither the idiosyncratic personal “poetics” of that artist?

In fact, the delirious glory of having a poetics in the first place is that it not only is a relationship with language, culture, and identity that’s unique to a given author, it’s also a channeling of elements of the self and the self’s self-identity. For this reason, it’s a near certainty that the more authentically idiosyncratic a poetics is, the better performed it will be by the author and the more mesmerizing it’ll be for its audience.

No poem is worse than the one that was written to someone else’s design. It’s equally true that no poem is less likely to be effective for a prospective audience—which has undoubtedly, in that scenario, heard a thousand such poems before. My point is that many poets loathe the idea of developing an idiosyncratic poetics because they fear it will alienate their audience, but they’re fooling themselves, as in fact developing an idiosyncratic poetics is the only thing a poet can do that will allow them to find their audience.

In other words, a poetry informed by a poetics finds its proper audience over time.

This is especially true if we imagine poets wanting to reach a non-poetry-writing audience. Much like musicians don’t want to sing only for other musicians, or painters paint for other painters, poets who wish to be read by non-poets need to be less, rather than more, constricted by what poets consider appropriate and artful.

Poets should begin demanding of themselves work that couldn’t possibly have been created by anyone else—work that is thoroughly (in its form, content, performance, concept, and sensory contours) of and by them rather than of or by anybody else.

Poets and non-poets should demand this, too, of all the poetry they read, which may require, if you’re a poet, shutting up a bit about the work of your friends and asking them to do the same for you. Only a poetry economy in which we celebrate that which delights us—its author notwithstanding—is one in which we perpetually send the message that thinking about audience is okay, being idiosyncratic is okay, torching language and communicative conventions in the way singer and comedians and screenwriters do is okay.

What needs to be maintained in poetry, and what is threatened by poetry’s present provincial subculture—including the conventional writing workshop, the mob mentality of poetry communities on social media, the cliquishness of cosmopolitan poetry enclaves, and the narrowness and inherent dishonesty of poetry’s publishing sphere—is the key element of surprise. While we should always seek delight in poetry, so too should we feel a poem to be a bracing wind that unsettles even as it inspires.

Many of these ideas may seem internally contradictory, such as saying that poetry can move whole nations even as it performs the idiosyncrasies of the self. But what poetry is, in the end, is a system of seemingly contradictory ideas that, taken together, make the composition of poems possible. Poetry would not be as rich as it is, or as resilient as it is, if its central character was purely political or, alternatively, purely personal. If it could not be disseminated via a market it would lose its cultural capital, and that remains true even as we note that poetry fruitfully resides beyond economics. Creative writing pedagogy is crucial because it brings us together to wrestle with the question of what poetry can be, even as our current national pedagogy is harmful and ought to be discarded immediately. Poetry is changed fundamentally by the fact that, like us, it moves through and is changed by the fourth dimension of time, but this doesn’t touch the fact that many a young poet was moved to chase poetry’s ever-retreating form by reading Walt Whitman as a child. Poetry is animated by life, but often must traffic in destruction and reconstruction to do the difficult work of constantly refreshing what it means to be alive. And as much as it may seem an act of prestidigitation, redefining what poetry is to view it as a meta-genre—present in the best music, cinema, comedy, and visual art—can be an essential act of resistance and redefinition even for those poets who are committed to poetry as a time-honored artifact for the printed page.

Conclusion

So, is poetry dead?

Yes.

Did poets kill it?

Yes.

Is the thing that died the thing poetry is now?

No.

Which frees us to go in search of it.

And what we find when we do, particularly in congregations of aspiring poets both in and out of the academy, is that the ideas above draw into the ambit of poetry many who currently do not—but should—consider themselves “poets,” such as pioneers in music, VR technology, and performance art. We find also, as educators and as those hoping to encourage aspiring poets in whatever setting, that young men and women who come to poetry to produce the conventional forms of expression we associate with it benefit enormously from seeing their palette of options expanded.

Any fear that poetry as poets understand it now will be lost in the contemplation of poetry as it really is and can be sorely underestimate the resilience and flexibility of even “conventional” poetic expressions (and convention-oriented authors as well).

As is the case with so many other human endeavors, poetry ceases to be brittle when the discussion of it ceases to be brittle. The same goes for politics, culture, and self-identity in an age of such entrenched sociocultural divisions. Poetry is a path we can choose to take—and that many more of us than currently do should opt to explore—as the best means yet devised to move up and out and away from our current darkness.

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{Note: This Retro series features ten works of AI art in each volume—in some cases, series of such artworks—offered in no particular order. To get a sense of the perspective of the curator of this collection with respect to AI art, see this essay. The artwork names that appear below are those that were attached to the work upon its publication, or, if no such title was provided, an approximation of the prompt used to create the art as announced by its “algo jockey”/“AJ”: the individual who crafted the text prompt that produced the artwork. The images below hail from major AI-art apps such as Midjourney, DALL-E 2 (built by OpenAI), Craiyon, Dream (built by WOMBO), or Stable Diffusion (built by Stability AI). The source for each artwork, if known, is linked to immediately following each artwork or series of artworks. AJs who would prefer not to have their work appear in this series can request the removal of a work via DM.}

Introduction

All of the artworks that appear below were created by artificial intelligence (“AI”).

If you would like to create some AI art yourself, check out this informative thread.

The works that appear below are not copyrighted, are not reproductions of existing works, and were produced by artificial-intelligence protocols that devised them after being “trained” on billions of publicly available images online. A prompt similar to the one used to generate the images below, reentered into the same protocol, would likely result in a different work—as would entering the same prompt into a different AI protocol (see the note atop this article for a list of some of the popular AI-art apps you will see represented as this Retro series unfolds in the coming months and years).

Except where otherwise indicated, the pictures below are not intended to accurately depict any living or historical person or brand. Any resemblance of human figures to individuals presently alive is—again, except where otherwise indicated—coincidental.

None of these images have been digitally altered from their original publication, with the infrequent exception of cropping to elide (a) inadvertent bordering, or (b) branding that distracts from the artwork and is unnecessary given that the source of each work (as noted in the italicized text above) is linked to below each work or series of works.

In those instances in which Retro offers a “series” of thematically and/or substantively linked AI-generated artworks, please note that the series has been curated, meaning that not all of the artworks originally appearing in the series have been included here. As the procedures undergirding this series involve using curatorial journalism (and my years of experience as an art critic and digital studies professor) to offer readers the best exemplars of AI art available in the estimation of this author, and because AI-art apps will for some time to come occasionally produce substandard artifacts in reply to a given prompt, this additional layer of curation is necessary to maintain the high standards of both this series and Retro writ large.

The overarching purpose of this new Retro series is not just to demonstrate the quite startling range of contemporary AI-art apps’ generative capacity—that is, to celebrate and honor the works that appear in it by attaching to them the breathless superlative that gives this series its name—but also to offer a quick-link to the “algo jockey” who crafted the input that produced each image. As noted above, if any such “AJ” wishes to have Retro take down a particular work, Retro is happy to do so and do so promptly.

The Evolution of AI Art

One thing readers must keep in mind as they follow this series is that AI art is getting better by the day—quite literally. Retro expects that as the major AI-art apps continue training themselves on publicly available images and the thousands and thousands of new text prompts they’re getting daily, we will not only see algo jockeys becoming more and more talented at what they do (and there are already some clear superstars in the space, whose oeuvre instantly ends the notion anyone can produce superlative AI art without a deep understanding of the tools now available for making it) but we will also start to see these apps’ protocols learn how to better respond to text prompts.

So while it’s tempting to treat AI art as a static concept, we must not. It’s a moving target that may well look very, very different in 2024 and 2025 than it did in early 2023.

What It Takes to Become a Superlative AI Artist

Those who have spent no time in the world of AI art, and/or no time around AI artists, are apt to think of AI art production as a simple process that even a fool could execute—and in a limited sense, that’s true. Just as a child, given a set of paints, could throw those paints around a room and, in getting a bit on the walls here and there, create a accidental, vague, tragicomic homage to Jackson Pollock, anyone who uses (say) Bing Image Creator will in short order produce a piece of AI art. It will almost certainly be quite a bad piece of AI art, but it will be AI art nonetheless. In the same way one can “play” baseball simply by standing at home plate with a bat and facing the pitcher; in the same way one can be a “photographer” by just pressing a button to take a photo; in the same way someone bopping around their bedroom in the dark can in a general sense be said to be “dancing,” anyone who wants to generate AI art can. Just not well.

The best AI artists tend to have a background in painting, photography, or both. This enables them to understand the basic precepts of visual representation that must be considered in generating a successful text prompt and then minutely editing it over dozens of rounds of drafting; if you haven’t told the AI to consider color, form, line, shape, space, texture, value, resolution, angle, perspective, dimension, and the scores of other fundamental terms in the visual arts that visual artists are attendant to, the AI is not going to consider those elements and thus your work will lack any abiding attention to them.

By the same token, if you lack the experience or taste to know what good photography and painting look like—which requires the ability to study an artwork and see what (if anything) it is missing, only poorly includes, or altogether fails to be—you won’t know how to curate the scores of variations on your text prompt that the AI gives you. Even a perfect prompt will fail if the AI artist doesn’t know which exemplars of the artwork generated by that prompt are fit for public consumption. And many artists certainly don’t know this (as is also true for many whose art depends on their own motor skills).

Just so, a superlative AI artist knows their tools every bit as obsessively as a graphic designer knows her applications or a painter her paint and brushes. Already, the best AI artists are giving public lectures and attending symposia to understand the many complex terms and subprocesses AI-art apps allow users to employ to create the best artwork possible. Those who just click around on Midjourney for a few minutes will by no means understand image blending, image description, “knolling”, and so on to the degree necessary to create a superlative AI artwork. And here’s a further rub: the number of such terms and concepts is growing by the week for most of these AI-art apps, as is the ability of the most superlative users of these apps to tweak their text prompts to squeeze the most out of the UI they’re working with. So it’s getting harder and harder, practically by the day, to distinguish oneself as an AI artist. It already takes hundreds of hours of trial-and-error (and studying the discoveries others have stumbled across and shared) to gain real facility with even one AI-art app, let alone all several dozen of them.

And this, finally, is the point so many seem to miss—and the reason there will never be any more “great” AI artists (as a percentage of all artists) than there currently are great photographers, great dancers, or great painters. The simple fact is that almost no one is going to want to dedicate the thousands of hours required to become among the best AI artists out there. Great art, whether AI-aided or not, requires an obsessive compulsion to learn how to wring every last drop of capacity out of a given tool, which compulsion must also be preceded by enough conventional knowledge of the visual arts to know what questions one must ask oneself in striving to gain expertise with a given tool. In other words, time alone doesn’t generate expertise; guidance in how to spend one’s training time is also required, which is particularly problematic in the context of AI art production. Do not doubt that there will eventually be semester-long university courses in how to become a commercially viable, artistically superlative AI artist, just as there are already such courses for graphic design or (for that matter) any subgenre of the visual arts that is predominantly dependent on an individual’s fine motor skills.

An argument can even be made that AI art production is harder than some other forms of art production because there are, as yet, few professional guides for those seeking to learn to do it well and (for now) no dedicated academic courses. A hundred percent of the best AI artists working right now are nearly 100% self-taught. And even the very strongest AI artists alive today are still learning their craft in real time because their craft is only a matter of months (at best a few years) old and volatile to a degree no far older subgenre of the visual arts is; compare this to painting, say, or even dance, which have been extant in human culture for millennia and therefore—while extremely difficult to do well and admittedly still evolving—forms of expression that can at least offer their aspirants a thousand thoughtful road maps for how to climb that particular mountain.

With AI art, most of the roads to greatness remain untraveled and some have not yet even been imagined.

Retro has been approached by many people who dislike AI art without knowing much about it. The general refrain heard from such critics is that AI art can’t be art because it requires no skill. Of course it really requires enormous skill—just not fine motor skills.

It requires writing skills, research skills, curation, a knowledge of aesthetics, a great deal of technical expertise, taste, dedication, perseverance, self-critique, and so many of the components that all art instruction (and I say this as someone who taught the arts at the university level for years) necessarily incorporates. Other critics of AI art make the stunning claim that AI art requires no imagination; while this canard hardly deserves a response, suffice to say that AI artists—just like all other artists—form in their mind’s eye a composition they wish to see in the world and then expertly use the tools at their disposal to make what they have imagined a reality. Indeed, an AI artist having less direct control over her tools than (say) a painter with her many expensive brushes only makes it harder for an AI artist to manifest what is in her imagination in digital form. Finally—and putting aside those who simply say AI art is not art because anyone can do it, a fallacy addressed earlier in this essay—there are those who say that AI art lacks the human and emotional components of the various visual, material, and performing arts. Tell this to sculptors who work in the digital realm, or professional storytellers, or those who can sing but can’t play any externalized instrument. Tell this to graphic designers, or to architects who hire construction crews to build what they imagine. AI art does not exist without a human vision or human input, and the human vision in question can’t exist without the same emotional impulse to create that artists of every stripe finally must have.

AI art is in its first months and years. It will face the same preposterous prejudices that free-verse poetry faced in the mid-nineteenth century, when Walt Whitman—now considered, with Emily Dickinson, one of American poetry’s parents—was told that Leaves of Grass “wasn’t poetry” because it lacked rhyme and meter. More recently, conceptual poets have been told conceptual poetry “isn’t poetry” because it doesn’t often rely on image, metaphor, or the condensation of language, and in some cases (in an echo of AI art) even uses exclusively words first devised by others, though their novel arrangement is entirely the work of the conceptual poet and the quality of the final work is dependent on that poet’s own ingenuity, judgment, curation, and taste.

There is no art form that emerges without its detractors, and no detractors of an art form still early in its development act as responsibly as they would if they were instead applying their critiques to artworks already universally accepted as artistic in character. Because there’s no natural constituency for AI art besides those who make it—at least not yet—there is little impetus for the critics of such art to be fair to it and indeed much encouragement for them to “take a stand” by being categorically against it. Certainly, we have seen online how conventional painters and photographers have cheered even the most factually incorrect and deeply disingenuous critiques of AI art for the simple reasons (if also understandable ones) that (a) conventional artists worry their future earnings as freelance artists could be impacted by the availability of AI-art apps, and/or (b) they see that those who oppose AI art publicly get feted for doing so by their peers—which in the art world can be a professionally wise space to occupy.

Certain critics of AI art, making certain criticisms of AI art, may be right to worry, as discussed here. That does not mean their objections are accurate, made in good faith, or worth being accepted at face value.

The upshot is this: AI art is getting better by the day because the very best AI artists are getting better by the day; everyone else—both critics who fail to investigate what AI art actually is and how it works, or lovers of AI art who nevertheless refuse to put the time and effort into it that it requires—is falling farther and farther behind by the hour. This Retro series aims to remain as best it can at the bleeding edge of AI art, always celebrating the diversity and wonder and craft of this emerging art form even as it understands, too, that the animus against it will continue for many years to come and in certain instances will be warranted.

{Note: On rare occasion, images that appear in this series may be unsettling to certain viewers. Any such upset is unintentional; these artworks are intended to surprise, delight, illuminate and amaze, not provoke negative emotions or physical responses. However, because any AI-generated product is definitionally already lodged deep in the “uncanny valley”, occasional strong reactions to the images in this series are to be expected. Certain images are prefaced by a “curator’s note” that briefly explains why I find this particular work to be of artistic merit.}

(1) “Tiny” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(2) “Midjourney Style Tour” (2023) [Series]

Curator’s note: Most of these images are wondrous, but be aware that some are mildly unsettling—even as they are all superlative exemplars of advanced AI art-generation techniques.

Ancient Metalwork

Stippling

Patchwork

Action Figure

Chalk Art

Polaroid

Mokume-gane

Diagrams

Metallic Foil

Bone Art

Tissue Paper

Optical Illusion

Felt

Chiascuro

Anaglyph

Carbon Dust

Pop Art

Postage Stamps

Tapestry

Vignettes

Kintsugi

[Source.]

(3) Three Series (2023)

“The Valley”

“City at Dusk After Rain”

“Liquid Colors”

[Source.]

(4) “Batman, As Painted By Famous Painters” (2023) [Series]

Curator’s note: Normally I “curate out” any “four-square variations” to ensure that only the best work is highlighted. I have declined to do so here because I think the project below is as much about art education as anything else. In disclosing several variations on a single theme from a number of famous painters, this series gives us a sense of the many idiosyncratic qualities of each artist that the AI is attuning itself to. It takes seeing all the artworks in this series to fully appreciate both these artists and their aesthetics, not to mention—of course—the unique opportunity we now have to see these artists’ talents applied to an iconic superhero most of these artists had never heard of.

Sorolla

Basquiat

Velazquez

Pollock

Da Vinci

Dali

Vermeer

Monet

Rembrandt

Magritte

Klimt

Goya

Warhol

Caravaggio

Bosch

Cézanne

Rockwell

Gauguin

Seurat

Wood

Picasso

Banksy

Van Gogh

[Source.]

(5) “Lady Deadpool, Flapper” (2023)

[Source.]

(6) “Unseen Meme Angles“ (2023) [Series]

Curator’s note: This series takes advantage of the wonderful “generative fill” function of the latest Photoshop update. Only the content inside the white rectangle is from a source originating outside Photoshop. (I realize that readers may have to read that last sentence a few times!)

[Source.]

(7) “Extreme Influencer Selfies” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(8) The Daily Life of a Terracotta Warrior” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(9) “Solarpunk” (2023) [XAJ Series]

Curator’s note: “XAJ” indicates that “multiple algorithm jockeys” were involved in the creation of a series. Retro strongly encourages and welcomes such collaborations. For the series below, all entries’ prompts were inspired by (and also included) the term “solarpunk.”

[Source.]

(10) “The City Beyond the Forest” (2023)

[Source.]

Introduction

Those of us who love Amazon’s The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel—even as we wince at its sometimes over-the-top depiction of Jewish families—also understand that in many respects it falls into the fantasy genre. People simply don’t talk, act, dress, or for that matter dan…

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{Note: This Retro series features ten works of AI art in each volume—in some cases, series of such artworks—offered in no particular order. To get a sense of the perspective of the curator of this collection with respect to AI art, see this essay. The artwork names that appear below are those that were attached to the work upon its publication, or, if n…

Read more

{Note: This Retro series features ten works of AI art in each volume—in some cases, series of such artworks—offered in no particular order. To get a sense of the perspective of the curator of this collection with respect to AI art, see this essay. The artwork names that appear below are those that were attached to the work upon its publication, or, if no such title was provided, an approximation of the prompt used to create the art as announced by its “algo jockey”/“AJ”: the individual who crafted the text prompt that produced the artwork. The images below hail from major AI-art apps such as Midjourney, DALL-E 2 (built by OpenAI), Craiyon, Dream (built by WOMBO), or Stable Diffusion (built by Stability AI). The source for each artwork, if known, is linked to immediately following each artwork or series of artworks. AJs who would prefer not to have their work appear in this series can request the removal of a work via DM.}

Introduction

All of the artworks that appear below were created by artificial intelligence (“AI”).

These works are not copyrighted, are not reproductions of existing works, and were produced as a result of the artificial-intelligence protocols that devised them after being “trained” on billions of publicly available images online. A prompt similar to the one used to generate the images below, reentered into the same protocol, would likely result in a different work—as would entering the same prompt into a different AI protocol (see the note atop this article for a list of some of the popular AI-art apps you will see represented as this Retro series unfolds in the coming months and years).

Except where otherwise indicated, the pictures below are not intended to accurately depict any living or historical person or brand. Any resemblance of human figures to individuals presently alive is—again, except where otherwise indicated—coincidental.

None of these images have been digitally altered from their original publication, with the infrequent exception of cropping to elide (a) inadvertent bordering, or (b) branding that distracts from the artwork and is unnecessary given that the source of each work (as noted in the italicized text above) is linked to below each work or series of works.

In those instances in which Retro offers a “series” of thematically and/or substantively linked AI-generated artworks, please note that the series has been curated, meaning that not all of the artworks originally appearing in the series have been included here. As the procedures undergirding this series involve using curatorial journalism (and my years of experience as an art critic and digital studies professor) to offer readers the best exemplars of AI art available in the estimation of this author, and because AI-art apps will for some time to come occasionally produce substandard artifacts in reply to a given prompt, this additional layer of curation is necessary to maintain the high standards of both this series and Retro writ large.

The overarching purpose of this new Retro series is not just to demonstrate the quite startling range of contemporary AI-art apps’ generative capacity—that is, to celebrate and honor the works that appear in it by attaching to them the breathless superlative that gives this series its name—but also to offer a quick-link to the “algo jockey” who crafted the input that produced each image. As noted above, if any such “AJ” wishes to have Retro take down a particular work, Retro is happy to do so and do so promptly.

The Evolution of AI Art

One thing readers must keep in mind as they follow this series is that AI art is getting better by the day—quite literally. Retro expects that as the major AI-art apps continue training themselves on publicly available images and the thousands and thousands of new text prompts they’re getting daily, we will not only see algo jockeys becoming more and more talented at what they do (and there are already some clear superstars in the space, whose oeuvre instantly ends the notion anyone can produce superlative AI art without a deep understanding of the tools now available for making it) but we will also start to see these apps’ protocols learn how to better respond to text prompts.

So while it’s tempting to treat AI art as a static concept, we must not. It’s a moving target that may well look very, very different in 2024 and 2025 than it did in early 2023.

{Note: On rare occasion, images that appear in this series may be unsettling to certain viewers. Any such upset is unintentional; these artworks are intended to surprise, delight, illuminate and amaze, not provoke negative emotions or physical responses. However, because any AI-generated product is definitionally already lodged deep in the “uncanny valley”, occasional strong reactions to the images in this series are to be expected. Certain images are prefaced by a “curator’s note” that briefly explains why I find this particular work to be of artistic merit.}

(1) “Masks” (2023) [Series]

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{Note: This Retro series features ten colorized historical photographs in each volume, offered in no particular order. The artwork names that appear above each photograph are adapted from th…

Read more

{Note: This Retro series features ten works of AI art in each volume—in some cases, series of such artworks—offered in no particular order. To get a sense of the perspective of the curator of this collection with respect to AI art, see this essay. The artwork names that appear below are t…

Read more

{Note: This Retro series features ten works of AI art in each volume—in some cases, series of such artworks—offered in no particular order. To get a sense of the perspective of the curator of this collection with respect to AI art, see this essay. The artwork names that appear below are those that were attache…

Read more

{Note: This Retro series features ten works of AI art at a time, offered in no particular order. To get a better sense of the perspective of the curator of this collection as to AI art, see this e…

Read more

{Note: This series features ten works of AI art at a time, offered in no particular order. To get a better sense of the perspective of the curator of this collection as to AI art, see this essay. The artwork names that appear below are either those attached to the work on its publication or, if no such title was provided, a close approximation of the prompt used to create the art as announced by its “algorithm DJ”—the individual who entered the text prompt that led to the artwork. The images below may come from any of the major AI-art apps, such as Midjourney, DALL-E 2 (built by OpenAI), Dream (built by WOMBO), Craiyon, or Stable Diffusion (built by Stability AI). The online source for each artwork, if known, is linked to below the artwork.}

Introduction

All of the artworks that appear below were created by artificial intelligence (“AI”).

These works are not copyrighted, are not reproductions of existing works, and were produced as a result of the artificial-intelligence protocols that devised them being “trained” on billions of publicly available images online. The same prompt used to generate the images below, reentered into the same protocol, would likely result in a different artwork—as would entering the same prompt into a different AI protocol (see the italicized note atop this article for a list of some of the popular AI-art apps you will see represented as this Retro series unfolds in the coming months and years).

Except where otherwise indicated, the pictures below are not intended to accurately depict any living or historical person or brand. Any resemblance of human figures to individuals presently alive is—again, except where otherwise indicated—coincidental.

None of these images have been digitally altered from their original publication, with the infrequent exception of cropping to remove inadvertent black or white bordering.

In those instances in which Retro offers a “series” of thematically and/or substantively linked AI-generated artworks, note that the series has been curated, meaning that not all of the artworks originally appearing in the series have been included here. As the aim of this series—as its title suggests—is to use curatorial journalism (as well as my years of experience as an art critic and digital studies professor) to provide for readers the best exemplars of AI art available (in the estimation of this author), and because AI-art apps for some time to come will occasionally produce sub-standard artifacts in response to a given prompt, this additional layer of curation is needed to maintain the high standards of both this series and Retro writ large.

{Note: On rare occasion, images that appear in this series may be unsettling to certain viewers. Any such upset is unintentional; these artworks are intended to surprise, delight, illuminate and amaze, not provoke negative emotions or physical responses. However, because any AI-generated product is definitionally already lodged deep in the “uncanny valley”, occasional strong reactions to the images in this series are to be expected.}

(1) “Time Period Selfies” (2023) [Series]

“Caveman Selfie”

“Legionnaire Selfie”

“Viking Selfie”

“Samurai Selfie”

“Pirate Selfie”

“Wild West Selfie”

“Indigenous Warrior Selfie”

“WWI Allied Trench Selfie”

[Source.]

(2) “Animals in Moshpits” (2023) [Series]

“Wolf”

“Grizzly Bear”

“Lion”

“Polar Bear”

“Gorillas”

“Elephant”

“Giant Walrus”

“Wild Boar”

[Source.]

(3) “Too Many Mushrooms” (2023)

[Source.]

(4) “Masks” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(5) “Cars” (2023) [Series]

[Source.]

(6) “We’re All Fine Here. Thanks.” (2023) [Series]